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- Essay Name : 1575.txt
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- Language : English
- Subject : Environmental Awareness
- Title : What Have We Learned From Three-Mile Island After 17 Years?
- Grade : A-
- School System : Penn State
- Country : USA
- Author Comments :
- Teacher Comments :
- Date : 4/1996
- Site found at : Friend referral
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- What Have We Learned From Three-Mile Island After 17 Years ?
-
- (Implications for Future Chernobyl's )
-
- Today in our energy hungry world, the reliance on nuclear power is getting larger and larger. Nuclear power is on top of the list
- of forms of power available to generate electricities in the quantities, forms and reliability needed as we head towards the 21st
- century.Current operating nuclear plants number approximately 430 through out 26 countries (1).
-
- Nuclear energy production will grow an average of 3.3 to 4.2% PER YEAR worldwide from 1988-2005 (IAEA News briefs,
- Sept.1989). Though we have experienced if not the worst technogenic environmental disaster of the 20th century ten years ago
- - Chernobyl, together with the partial meltdown at Three Mile Island seventeen years ago, most people today give only passing
- thoughts to the issue of nuclear safety worldwide.These two cases are only mere examples of the ominous potential for
- accidents of great magnitude within such nuclear plants worldwide (2). It is vital that we understand both the logic and
- outcomes of such disasters. Today 10 years later,effects of Chernobyl are still hazardous and have been detected all over the
- world. Belarus, a country most affected by history's worst nuclear disaster does not even have a nuclear plant. The radiation
- released from Chernobyl was 200 times more than that of the combined releases of the atom bombs that annihilated Hiroshima
- and Nagasaki in 1945 (3). Due to prevailing winds, 25 percent of the land in Belarus is uninhabitable. All normal life has
- stopped there, people are afraid to move, stay, marry and afraid to have families. The costs of the accidents after-effects are
- monumental; resettlement of people affected, medical and clean-up costs are just a few on the priority list.
-
- The problem lies in ignorance of interactions between human, engineering, organizational and managerial factors of such a
- system. In most cases human error is customarily cited as a major cause of the calamity. Sometimes in my mind I cannot blame
- the opearators involved. Reason being that the control rooms of such plants are a maze of complex displays and controls
- spread over an array of immense rooms. In the case of an emergency, due to the mere size and complexity of such rooms,
- errors are just begging to occur! Error is also a combination of many factors such as ineffective training, intricate operating
- procedures, erratic rebuttal systems, non-pliable managerial systems, non-conforming organizational designs and natural
- disasters. Usually the direction taken to ensure safety at such nuclear plants is one of tending to find an engineering solution. If
- the above mentioned factors together with the use of safety and human factors in the enginnering education for such large-scale
- techological systems are used, then we would be heading the right direction; a safer, productive life not only for us but for our
- environment too. Nuclear regulation is the public's business (4).
-
- Politics, resource and structural problems are another major cause. For example here is the US, the Nuclear Regulatory
- Commission (NRC) was set up as the major regulatory agency. Under staffed and under skilled employees are just one of their
- obstacles. Relying on the fact that the industry itself is responsible for safety tests on plants, the NRC has over looked many
- issues while tending to focus on matters with greatest safety importance. We should all know that system failures can be traced
- to all those small components that make up this human/machine interface. Whenever we have such components fitted together
- and are in interaction it is crucial to give weight not only to the human and technological factors but also to how they operate
- together. The NRC's relationship with the industry has been suspect since its creation in 1974 (5). Operations of such
- regulatory agencies worldwide is greatly influenced by the member states (IAEA) who have such nuclear operating plants. The
- power of money in hand and foreign relation policies of these states control the acts and decisions of such agencies. Structural
- troubles include the fact that it is only optional for member states to comply with or use safety principles set by the International
- Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1986 (6). Thus there is no clear cut accord by IAEA member states on the issue of
- complying with safety standards.
-
- Lack of Safety Culture is yet another obstacle. Many nuclear plants in Central and Eastern Europe (e.g. Ukraine) are just time
- bombs waiting to blow. Many of these plants have not yet collapsed probably due the fact that combination of events needed
- for failure has not yet occured or that they have just not been given enough time. Hence it is high time that the international
- community and the G-7 get involved. The problem(s) in this industry needs to be tackled collectively, no one is in a position
- today to solve this complex field of science and practice individually, irrespective of depth of education or dedication. Political,
- economic and cultural barriers have to be crushed if we are to achieve this. A collaborative effort worldwide, especially from
- the West is needed to form, support a reaserch team, to counter and unravel studies, develop universal policies and to staff
- such nuclear plants if we are to avoid any more Chernobyl's in the future!
-
- Future Chernobyl's can be avoided but it is upto us. Firstly we must make space for reality to take precedence over public
- relations for any successful technology, as we cannot fool nature (7). Secondly much greater guarantees, co-operation and
- communication is needed between the industry, the regulatory agencies and the member states. Safety will only be achieved if
- ALL those involved play their part whole heartedly and honestly right down from the plant workers through the manufacturers
- and regulatory agencies right upto the financial institutions that control this whole industry.
-
- References :
-
- 1. Los Angeles Herald Examiner, March 28, 1989. N. Meshkati.
-
- 2. Los Angeles Herald Examiner, March 28, 1989. N. Meshkati.
-
- 3. New York Times, March 31, 1996. M. Specter
-
- 4. Time Magazine, March 4, 1996. E. Pooley
-
- 5. Time Magazine, March 4, 1996. E. Pooley
-
- 6. Foreign Policy Journal; U.N. 50th Anniversary, "The Critical Role of The U.N.in Ensuring the Safety of Nuclear Power
- Plants Around The World". N.Meshkati.
-
- 7. Los Angeles Herald Examiner, March 28, 1989. N. Meshkati. Quote from the late Nobel Physicist; R. Feynman
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